Biology Instructional Office

Upper Division Courses

Upper Division Courses

BIO 367C: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF NEURAL DEVELOPMENT

An introduction to the principles by which the neural tube (brain and spinal cord) forms during embryonic development. Subjects include the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of a three-dimensional neural tube and its division into forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 365N and Biology 367C may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: One of the following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325, Neuroscience 330, 365R.

BIO 371L: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

Experimental approach to physiological mechanisms by which animals adapt to their environment. One lecture hour, four laboratory hours, and two hours of computer work a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

NEU 330: NEURAL SYSTEMS I

Introduction to the nervous system with an emphasis on brain organization, neuron physiology, perceptual systems, and motor systems. Intended for neuroscience majors and those considering neuroscience as a major. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Neural Systems I), 365R, 371M, Neuroscience 330, 365R, 371M.

NEU 335: NEURAL SYSTEMS II

Introduction to the nervous system with an emphasis on neural development and on the neural mechanisms of memory, emotions, and other higher cognitive functions. Intended for neuroscience majors and those considering neuroscience as a major. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 335, 337 (Topic: Neural Systems II), Neuroscience 335.
Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 206L, and 311D or 325H; Mathematics 408C or 408S; Neuroscience 330; and Physics 303L, 316, or 317L.

NEU 365D: PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION

Introduction to the basic principles of pharmacology; including how drugs get into the body, exert their actions, and are metabolized and excreted. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 365D (Topic: Principles of Drug Action) and Neuroscience 365D may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 365L: NEUROBIOLOGY LABORATORY

An introduction to physiological, morphological, and molecular techniques used for analysis of the nervous system. Experiments and computer simulations illustrate basics of information processing by the nervous system. Four laboratory hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Biology 365L (Topic: Neurobiology Laboratory) and Neuroscience 365L may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 365T: NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE

The neurobiological basis of disorders of the brain, with the main focus on mental illness. Emphasizes the neural circuitries and neurochemical events that underlie specific mental processes and behaviors. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 365T and Neuroscience 365T may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 365W: NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION

Study of the neurobiology of neurotransmitters, and the influence of alcohol and drugs of abuse on neurotransmitters. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 365W and Neuroscience 365W may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366C: ION CHANNELS & THE MOLECULAR PHYSICS OF NEURONAL SIGNALING

Explores the role of molecular conformational changes in higher-level neuronal function and sensory transduction, including the generation and regulation of diverse types of neuronal signaling characteristics. Emphasizes a quantitative approach and the use of models to study function. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Ion Channels and the Molecular Physiology of Neuronal Signaling), 366C, Neuroscience 366C.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366D: SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY & PLASTICITY

Detailed study of the physiology of synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Covers dendritic integration and various forms and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Synaptic Physiology and Plasticity in the Central Nervous System), 366D, Neuroscience 366D.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366E: VISUAL NEUROSCIENCE

Physiology of the visual pathway and its relationship to visual perception; prospects for prevention of blinding eye diseases; functional and ecological adaptations of primate vision. Laboratory experiments and demonstrations illustrate and extend lecture topics and include measurement of several aspects of students' own visual and sensorimotor function. One and one-half lecture hours and three laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Visual Neuroscience), 366E, 366P, Neuroscience 366E, 366P.
Prerequisite: Biomedical Engineering 365R or Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366L: NEUROIMAGING LABORATORY

Basic principles of image formation and techniques of fluorescent imaging and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Includes image processing and analysis to extract quantitative information from digital images. Survey of imaging techniques, including electron microscopy and functional MRI. One lecture hour and four laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Microscopy and Fluorescence Imaging Laboratory), 366L, Neuroscience 366L.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 466M: QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE I

Overview of the basic mathematical and computational tools central to the analysis of neural systems in a laboratory setting. Subjects include linear algebra, differential equations, filtering, correlation, probability, and inference, with an emphasis on quantitative methodology and applications to neuroscience. Three lecture hours and one and one-half laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Mathematics 408D or 408M, and Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C- in each.

NEU 366N: QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN NEUROSCIENCE II

Continuation of Neuroscience 466M. Introduction to basic mathematical and computational tools for the analysis of neural systems. Subjects include computational and quantitative methods, with an emphasis on their applications to neuroscience. Three lecture hours and one laboratory hour a week for one semester.

Biology 366N and Neuroscience 366N may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 466M with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366P: LABORATORY IN PSYCHOPHYSICS

Studies the principles of experimental design, execution, and interpretation by having students measure their own perceptual and behavioral responses to visual and auditory tests. Includes data analysis, statistical significance, and interpretation. Five laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Visual Neuroscience), 366E, 366P, Neuroscience 366E, 366P.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 366S: NEOROMOLECULAR GENETICS & DISEASE LAB

Explores techniques used to study the molecular genetic basis for nervous system function and disease with a powerful invertebrate model system. Subjects will range from studying the conserved molecular basis for our senses and male/female-specific behaviors, to exploring how mutations of conserved neural genes cause neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Six laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Biology 366S and Neuroscience 366S may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335 with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 367F: FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN NEUROIMAGING

Survey of methods for neuroimaging research. Describes the physics of MRI image acquisition, the physiology of neural responses, and the design and analysis of MRI studies. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Foundations of Human Neuroimaging), 367F, Neuroscience 367F.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 330 or 365R (or Biology 365R) with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 367V: EVOLUTIONARY NEUROBIOLOGY

Examination of the nervous system in an evolutionary context. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Evolutionary Neurobiology), 367V, Neuroscience 367V.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

NEU 379H: HONORS TUTORIAL COURSE

Restricted to students in the honors program in neuroscience. Original laboratory research project under the direction of a faculty mentor leading to a thesis or research presentation. The equivalent of one, two, or three lecture hours a week for one semester.

May be repeated for credit, but no more than six hours may be counted toward a degree in neuroscience.
Prerequisite: Consent of student's research supervisor and the departmental honors adviser.

NEU 466G: FUNCTIONAL & SYNAPTIC NEUROANATOMY

Neuroanatomy and functional connectivity as a basis for brain function and behavior examined from gross structure, cytology, and nanoscale synaptic connectivity in the somatosensory, motor, visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, limbic, vestibular, hypothalamus, and other symptoms. Examination of the synaptic basis of learning and memory, fear, sleep, stress, and synaptic changes during development, aging, mental retardation, and neurological diseases. Laboratory projects involve three-dimensional reconstructions from serial section electron microscopy. Three lecture hours and one and one half laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 337 (Topic: Neurobiology of Synaptic Circuits), 337 (Topic: Human Neuroanatomy), 366F, Neuroscience 466G.
Prerequisite: Neuroscience 335with a grade of at least C-.

Lower Division Courses

BCH 206K: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

Introduction to research practices; supervised individual undergraduate research in biochemistry. Six to ten laboratory hours a week for one semester.

May be taken for a letter grade no more than twice. No more than six semester hours may be counted toward a degree in biochemistry. May be repeated for credit.

Upper Division Courses

BCH 339F: FOUNDATIONS OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Restricted to biochemistry majors. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides; structure and function of proteins. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biochemistry 339F, 369, Biology 337 (Topic: Foundations of Biochemistry), Chemistry 339K, 369.
Prerequisite: One of the following with a grade of at least C-: Chemistry 310M, 318M, 320M, or 328M.

BCH 339JL CHEMICAL & SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

Designed for students pursuing pharmaceutical and biotechnology careers. Topics include enzymatic reaction mechanisms and how they can be manipulated using tools from both chemistry and molecular biology. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biochemistry 339J, Chemistry 339J, Systems and Synthetic Biology 339J.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least C-.

BCH 339M: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF MOLECULAR MACHINES

Function of proteins and protein complexes as machines in the cell, including the interaction of proteins with nucleic acids, synthesis of proteins, and degradation of proteins. Three lecture hours per week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least C-.

BCH 339N: SYSTEMS BIOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS

Restricted to biochemistry majors. Understanding how the cell works as a system with emphasis on the methods used to gather and analyze data and develop/test models of systems level data. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biochemistry 339N, 350, Biology 337 (Topic: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Biology), Chemical Engineering 337, 379 (Topic: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Biology), 381Q.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least C-.

BCH 364C: BIOINFORMATICS

*MEETS WITH GRADUATE COURSE WHEN OFFERED

Restricted to biochemistry majors. Subjects include physical methods for the study of macromolecules, chemistry of proteins, enzyme chemistry, regulatory mechanisms for gene expression, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biochemistry 364C, Chemistry 364C, Systems and Synthetic Biology 364C.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least B, and consent of instructor.

BCH 364E: SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

*MEETS WITH GRADUATE COURSE WHEN OFFERED

Restricted to biochemistry majors. Survey of current high-throughput technologies and computational methods for generating data and integrating information at all levels of biological organization. Emphasis on how hypotheses can be generated and tested with these techniques to better understand how model organisms function and evolve. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 364E and Chemistry 364E may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339 or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least B, and consent of instructor.

BCH 364F: BIOCHEMISTRY OF ASTROBIOLOGY

Restricted to biochemistry majors. An overview of the science used in the search for extraterrestrial life, life origins, earth history, evolution, metabolism of extremophiles, biochemistry, and astronomy. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 364F and Chemistry 364F may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least B, or consent of instructor.

BCH 365D: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS

*MEETS WITH GRADUATE COURSE WHEN OFFERED

Restricted to biochemistry majors. Exploration of the structures and functions of proteins and nucleic acids, utilizing quantitative methods to evaluate the roles of structural features in function, and developing new ways of thinking about the dynamics of macromolecules. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 365D and Chemistry 365D may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least B: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K, Biochemistry 370 or Chemistry 370, and consent of instructor.

BCH 369: FUNDAMENTAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY (NON-MAJORS)

The basics of protein structure and function, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and molecular biology of macromolecules. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biochemistry 339F, 369, Biology 337 (Topic: Foundations of Biochemistry), Chemistry 339K, 369. May not be counted toward a degree in biochemistry.
Prerequisite: One of the following with a grade of at least C-: Chemistry 310M, 318M, 320M, or 328M.

BCH 369K: TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH (INDEPENDENT RESEARCH)

Advanced laboratory practice and introduction to research. One lecture hour and six laboratory hours a week for one semester.

May be taken for a letter grade no more than twice. No more than six semester hours may be counted toward a degree in biochemistry. May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisite: Six semester hours of upper-division coursework in biochemistry or chemistry, or five semester hours of coursework in organic chemistry, or consent of the undergraduate faculty adviser in biochemistry.

BCH 369L: BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

An introduction to modern fundamental techniques of biochemistry. Two lecture hours and seven laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 369L and Chemistry 369L may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least C-.

BCH 369T: BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Advanced techniques in biotechnology. Nine laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 369T and Chemistry 369T may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

BCH 370: PHYSICAL METHODS FOR BIOCHEMISTRY

Theory of electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and diffraction as applied to biological macromolecules. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biochemistry 370 and Chemistry 370 may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F or Chemistry 339K with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 160L: IMMUNOLOGY LABORATORY

Current techniques in experimental cellular and humoral immunology. Three laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 226L: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY

Introduction to microbiology laboratory techniques and experimental demonstration of principles of microbiology. One lecture and three laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 326M or 326R.

BIO 230L: VIROLOGY LABORATORY

Basic experimental techniques applied to selected bacteriophages and animal viruses. Four laboratory hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 226L with a grade of at least C-, and credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 330.

BIO 320: CELL BIOLOGY

Principles of eukaryotic cell structure and function; macromolecules, membranes, organelles, cytoskeleton, signaling, cell division, differentiation, motility, and experimental methodologies. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 320L: CELL BIOLOGY LABORATORY

Explores the complex structures and functions of cells through direct observation and experimentation. Subjects may include regulation of gene transcription and translation, protein sorting, organelles and membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell division. Students use a combination of modern molecular biology, biochemistry, and microscopy techniques, with a strong emphasis placed on hypothesis-driven approaches, proper experimental design, and clear scientific writing and presentation. One lecture hour and five laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Sciences 311; and credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 320.

BIO 323L: LABORATORY STUDIES IN CELL BIOLOGY

Research exercises involving light/electron microscopy, image processing, autoradiography, chromatography, fractionation, flow cytometry, spectroscopy, diffraction, antibody labeling, cell growth, and kinetics. One lecture hour and four laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Sciences 311; and credit or registration for Biology 320.

BIO 326M: INTRODUCTORY MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

Designed primarily for nursing and prepharmacy students. Overview of the structure, function, and genetics of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, with emphasis on the interactions between micro-organisms and the human host. Includes principles of microbial pathogenesis, the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and antimicrobial chemotherapy and vaccines. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 311C; Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-; Chemistry 301 with a grade of at least C-; and one of the following with a grade of at least C-: Mathematics 408C, 408K, 408N, 408R, Statistics and Scientific Computation 302.

BIO 326R: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Overview of the major areas of microbiological study, including cell structure and function, genetics, host-microbe interactions, physiology, ecology, diversity, and virology. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 325 or 325H, and Chemistry 302 or 302H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 372E: EPIGENETICS

A study of epigenetic modifications, the covalent modifications of DNA or histones that cause changes in gene expression. Particular attention is given to how experience or environmental factors epigenetically modify health or behavior in animals. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 327E and 337 (Topic: Epigenetics) may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 327G: GENOMICS

Genome structure, organization, and function of model organisms; theory and methodology of genetic and physical mapping; sequencing analysis and annotation; genome duplication and evolution; and ethics for biotechnology and cloning. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 327G and 337 (Topic: Genomics) may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 328: INTRODUCTORY PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

General principles of the mineral nutrition, water relations, metabolic activities, growth and development of green plants. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

BIO 330: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ANIMAL VIRUSES

Mechanisms by which viruses replicate and kill or transform cells. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H, and 326M or 326R with a grade of at least C- in each.

BIO 331L: LABORATORY STUDIES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The methods and principles of molecular biology in a research laboratory context. Students conduct a research project directed by a faculty member. One lecture hour and four and one-half laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Sciences 311.

BIO 335: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Microorganisms in chemical and biochemical synthesis; genetic manipulation of cells by classical and recombinant DNA techniques. Enzyme technology; design of bioreactors and microbial fermentations; separations of biological products. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 335, Biomedical Engineering 339, Chemical Engineering 339, 379 (Topic: Introduction to Biochemical Engineering).
Prerequisite: Biochemistry 339F (or Chemistry 339K) or 369 (or Chemistry 369), and Biology 311C with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 336: TUMOR BIOLOGY

Covers core aspects of cancer pathology, treatment, epidemiology, the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and the molecular genetics underlying the characteristic features of malignant tumors (including metastatic behavior, genomic instability, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis). Strong emphasis on the biochemical functions of cancer-related proteins and enzymes and therapeutic approaches based on our understanding of these proteins. Important experimental approaches that have influenced our current understanding of cancer will also be stressed. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 336 and 391M may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Biology 330 or 360K with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 339: METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF MICROORGANISMS

A study of the metabolic processes of microorganisms, using a biochemical approach. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 339 and 391R may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 326R with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 344: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Molecular basis of cellular processes: gene structure and function, DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis, viruses, molecular aspects of immunology and cancer, and recombinant DNA. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 349: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Principles of animal development, with emphasis on developmental mechanisms. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 349L: EXPERIMENTS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

An investigation of methods and principles of developmental biology in a laboratory context, with emphasis on animal embryology using molecular techniques and microscopy. One lecture hour and six laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311; and credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 349.

BIO 350M: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Fundamentals of plant molecular biology, including structure and expression of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Biology 350M and 388M may not both be counted.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 354C: CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN BIRTH DEFECTS

Explores the link between basic cell biology, human genetics, and human birth defects using current scientific literature exposing students to critical thinking and the scientific method, as well as the application of these tools to the study of biology. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 337 (Topic: Developing Biology) and Biology 354C may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 349 with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 360K: IMMUNOLOGY

The basic concepts of humoral and cell-associated immune phenomena. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 326R or 326M.

BIO 360M: MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY

An advanced immunology course with an emphasis on molecular models and medical relevance. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Biology 337 (Topic: Molecular Immunology) and 360M may not both be counted.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Biology 360K with a grade of at least B-.

BIO 361: HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and immunobiology of the major microbial diseases, with emphasis on their prevention. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 326M or 326R with a grade of at least C- in each.

BIO 361L: CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY LAB

Training in techniques required for independent work in diagnostic and epidemiological bacteriology. Two lecture hours and five laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C- in each: Biology 325 or 325H; 226L; and 326R or 326M.

BIO 366: MICROBIAL GENETICS

Molecular biology of nucleic acids; biosynthesis of macromolecules, transfer of genetic material from cell to cell, recombination, mutagenesis, and regulatory mechanisms. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 366 and 391S may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Biology 326R with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 366R: MOLECULAR GENETICS IN MEDICINE

Implementation of molecular genetics techniques in medicine. Includes application of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for several genetic disorders and infectious diseases. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

MNS Course Descriptions

Lower Division Courses
Upper Division Courses

Lower Division Courses

MNS 307: INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY

Introduction to the sciences of oceanography: geological, physical, and biological. Two lecture hours and two laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Marine Sciences 307 and Geological Sciences 307 may not both be counted.

MNS 308: HUMANS AND A CHANGING OCEAN

The consequences of human-induced alteration of the marine environment including the impact on fisheries, marine mammals, food-web changes, and changes in species composition and ecological function will be explored. Designed for non-science majors. Two lecture hours and two laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Marine Sciences 309 (Topic: Humans and a Changing Ocean) and 308 may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Marine Sciences 307 (or Geological Sciences 307).

MNS 310: FUNDAMENTALS OF MARINE SCIENCE

Designed for students pursuing a degree option in Marine and Freshwater Science. In-depth introduction to physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes in marine systems. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 311D and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

Upper Division Courses

MNS 320: MARINE ECOLOGY

Study of ecological processes at different levels of integration in marine ecosystems. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 311D, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 120L: LABORATORY STUDIES IN MARINE ECOLOGY

A laboratory course with two weekend field trips to the Marine Science Institute at Port Aransas to perform ecological studies in the Texas coastal zone. Two weekend field trips, with pre- and post-field trip laboratory hours required.

Prerequisite: Credit or registration for Marine Sciences 320.

MNS 148/348: TRAINING CRUISE(S)

May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.

Topic 1: Training Cruise(s): Research in Biological Oceanography. One or more curistes of one to several days each to collect physical, chemical, oceanographic, and biological data relevant to biological processes in the sea. Prepatory instruction and post-cruise sample processing and analysis.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; consent of instructor; and the following coursework with a grade of at least C- in each: Biology 325 and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

Topic 2: Marine Geology and Geophysics Field Course. Hands on, team-based instruction in the collection and processing of marine geological and geophysical data along the Gulf of Mexico coast. For Marine Science 148, one lecture hour and one laboratory hour a week for one semester. For Geological Sciences 348K and Marine Science 348, one lecture hour and four laboratory hours a week for one semester with additional hours to be arranged. Only one of the following may be counted: Geological Sciences 348K, 397F, Marine Science 348 (Topic 2). Fulfills the field experience requirement for some geological sciences degree programs. Students should contact the Department of Geological Sciences before registering.

Additional prerequisite: For geological sciences majors, Geological Sciences 420K or 320L with a grade of a least C- and consent of instructor; Geological Sciences 416M and 465K are recommended; for others, Marine Science 307 and 354F with a grade of at least C- in each and consent of instructor.

MNS 152L/252L: PRINCIPLES OF MARINE SCIENCE: LABORATORY STUDIES

Lectures, laboratory, and fieldwork. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester. May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.

Topic 9: Endocrinology. Endocrinology, with special reference to lower vertebrates and evolution of control systems. Marine Science 352 (Topic 9) and 382 (Topic 9: Endocrinology) may not both be counted. May count as zoology.

Prerequisite: Previous courses in physiology and consent of instructor.

Topic 12: Adaptive Physiology of Marine Organisms. Selected topics in the comparative physiology of marine organisms and their environmental adaptations.

Prerequisite: Previous course in cell physiology or consent of instructor.

Topic 13: Microclimatology. Physical and thermal characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer, with particular reference to coastal environments.
Topic 16: Ocean Engineering. Description of ocean waves and tides, methods of wave forecasting, classroom and field exercises.

Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

Topic 18: Marine Atmospheric Chemistry. Atmospheric particle chemistry; sea-surface films, atmospheric organic matter; air-sea chemical fractionation; carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycles.

Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

Topic 20: General Marine Phycology. Survey of benthic algae and phytoplankton of the Texas coast; systematics, morphology, life history and culturing techniques.
Topic 21: Ecology of Marine Fungi. Biology of the fungi with emphasis on ecological, morphological, and developmental aspects and culturing techniques.
Topic 22: Oceanography. Consideration of current understanding of the chemistry and biology of the oceans.

MNS 152S/252S: PRINCIPLES OF MARINE SCIENCE: UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR

Guest lectures by local and visiting research scientists on a variety of topics in marine and environmental science. Each seminar is followed by a separate one-hour discussion to give students an opportunity to meet directly with the scientist. For each semester hour of credit earned, one lecture/discussion a week for one semester.

May be counted toward the Bachelor of Science in Biology (Option III: Marine and Freshwater Biology) and toward other undergraduate degrees in biology. May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.

MNS 152T/252T: PRINCIPLES OF MARINE SCIENCES: SPECIAL TOPICS

Advanced research topics in marine science relevant to critical habitats, organisms, or processes. The equivalent of one or two lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/lab hours may be required.

May be counted toward the Bachelor of Science in Biology (Option III: Marine and Freshwater Biology) and toward other undergraduate degrees in biology. May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing and six semester hours of coursework in biology, chemistry, geological sciences, and/or physics.

MNS 170/270/370: SPECIAL STUDIES IN MARINE SCIENCE

Supervised individual instruction and research in marine science field and laboratory techniques. The equivalent of one, two, or three class hours a week for one semester, at the Marine Science Institute at Port Aransas.

May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisite: Six semester hours of upper-division coursework in science, a University grade point average of at least 3.00, and written consent of instructor.

MNS 352: PRINCIPLES OF MARINE SCIENCE

Lectures, laboratory, and fieldwork. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester.

May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.

Topic 9: Endocrinology. Endocrinology, with special reference to lower vertebrates and evolution of control systems.

Marine Science 352 (Topic 9) and 382 (Topic 9: Endocrinology) may not both be counted. May count as zoology.
Prerequisite: Previous courses in physiology and consent of instructor.

Topic 12: Adaptive Physiology of Marine Organisms. Selected topics in the comparative physiology of marine organisms and their environmental adaptations.

Prerequisite: Previous course in cell physiology or consent of instructor.

Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

Topic 18: Marine Atmospheric Chemistry. Atmospheric particle chemistry; sea-surface films, atmospheric organic matter; air-sea chemical fractionation; carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycles.

Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.

MNS 352C: ESTUARINE ECOLOGY

Explores general ecological principles of estuarine environments in Texas including physiography, hydrography, and plant and animal community structure and productivity. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/lab hours may be required.

Marine Sciences 352 (Topic 8) and 352C may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing and six semester hours of coursework in biology, chemistry, geological sciences, or physics.

MNS 352D: MARINE BOTANY

Exploration of the marine algae and seagrasses of the south Texas coast, with emphasis on their taxonomy, physiology, and ecology; may include field trips to representative coastal habitats. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; one of the following courses: Biology 322, 324, 325 or 325H, 328, Marine Sciences 320, 352C; and three additional semester hours of coursework in biology.

MNS 353: TOPICS IN MARINE SCIENCE

The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

May be repeated for credit when the topics vary.
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; consent of instructor.

Topic 2: Fish Adaptations to Coastal Ecosystems. Quantitative ecological comparisons of zoogeographical abundance and distribution with population, metabolic, and growth parameters.

Additional prerequisite: Fifteen semester hours of coursework in biology and/or zoology.

Topic 4: Current Research. Research instruction/participation in marine science. Laboratory and field activity with emphasis on faculty contact.
Topic 5: Seafloor Mining. Study of seafloor mineral resources, including problems and policies related to exploration, mining, environmental concerns, assessment, and industrial development.
Topic 6: Marine Ecology. Independent study in marine ecology, literature research, and comprehensive writing. Report required.

Additional prerequisite: Upper-division standing in a natural science, engineering, or education.

Topic 7: Marine Sedimentology. Selected topics and problems concerning the depositional processes, controls, and distribution of marine sediments.
Topic 8: Marine Chemistry. Study of the processes controlling the chemistry of natural waters, the oceans as a chemical system, and the impact of human activities on these systems.
Topic 14: Marine Isotope Geochemistry. The use of isotopes (stable, radiogenic, uranium series, and anthropogenic) in the study of marine science.
Topic 15: Interdisciplinary Classroom Field Methods. Uses the interdisciplinary nature of marine science to focus on inquiry-based instruction, constructivist-oriented teaching strategies, and field explorations.
Topic 17: Marine Fish Physiology. Physiology of major organ systems of marine fishes, with emphasis on adaptations to marine environments. Includes osmoregulation, nutrition, circulation, excretion, reproduction, sensory physiology, and endocrine control.

Additional prerequisite: Biology 311D, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 354: MARINE INVERTEBRATES

Study of invertebrate taxonomy, structure, behavior, and ecology; may include field sampling and laboratory studies of invertebrate habitats of the Texas coast. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; six semester hours of biology coursework.

MNS 354C: BIOLOGY OF FISHES

Anatomy, physiology, behavior, life history, taxonomy, and distribution of fishes; may include field sampling and laboratory studies of the coastal biota. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing, six semester hours of coursework in biological sciences, or consent of instructor.

MNS 354E: AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY

Ecology, physiology, distribution, and growth of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria and fungi in waters and sediments. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required. Marine Sciences 354E and 384E may not both be counted.

Prerequisite: Biology 311D, Chemistry 302 or 302H; and consent of instructor.

MNS 354Q: MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Application of the principles of marine science to the study of environmental issues: toxicology, biogeochemical cycles, and the biological and ecological impacts of zenobiotic materials in the coastal zone. The equivalent of two lecture hours and one laboratory hour a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; Biology 311D, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 354T: BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Introduction to the organisms in the sea, their adaptations to the environment, and the factors that control their distribution and abundance; may include laboratory and field work with organisms found in the coastal waters of Texas. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing and Biology 311D.

MNS 354U: BIOLOGY OF SHARKES, SKATES, & RAYS

Ecology, anatomy, and physiology of elasmobranch fishes. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing, Biology 311D, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 355C: PHYSIOLOGY OF FISHES

Physiology of major organ systems of both marine and freshwater fishes. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing, Biology 311D, and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 356: ECOSYSTEM OCEANOGRAPHY

An exploration of interconnections within and among marine ecosystems, as well as their linkages to climate, human activity, and adjacent freshwater and terrestrial environments. Emphasis will be placed on Gulf of Mexico ecosystems; may include hands-on field and laboratory activities. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Marine Sciences 352 (Topic: Ecosystem Oceanography) and 356 may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; Biology 311D; and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 357: MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY

The taxonomy of the major phytoplankton groups, their physiology, and their role in marine ecosystem; may include field and/or laboratory hours. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Marine Sciences 353 (Topic: Diversity Marine Phytoplankton) and 357 may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; Biology 311D; and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 367K: HUMAN EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE SEA

Review of the history of ocean exploration including major oceanographic expeditions. Discussion of current topics in ocean exploration and exploitation of marine resources, the impact of resource exploitation on biological systems, and the development of marine policy. An oral presentation is required. The equivalent of three lecture hours a week for one semester; additional lecture and field/laboratory hours may be required.

Prerequisite: Biology 311D; and Chemistry 302 or 302H.

MNS 440: LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Same as Biology 456L. An introduction to the study of the interactions between aquatic organisms and their environments. Two lecture hours and six laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Chemistry 302 or 302H; and the following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

Lower Division Courses
Upper Division Courses

Lower Division Courses

BIO 208L: FIELD BIOLOGY

Field projects, laboratory exercises, field trips, and computer simulation exercises to acquaint students with the principles and applications of ecology and some of the experimental and descriptive methods of ecological investigations. One lecture hour and four laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Credit or registration for Biology 311D.

Upper Division Courses

BIO 137, 237, 337, 437: SELECTED TOPICS IN BIOLOGY

Recent developments and research methods in the biological sciences. For each semester hour of credit earned, one lecture hour a week for one semester. Some topics may require additional hours.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, additional prerequisites vary with the topic.
Course number may be repeated for credit when the topics vary.

BIO 322: STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND REPRODUCTION OF SEED PLANTS

The principles of structure and functioning of higher plants; special attention to the dynamics of growth and development and reproduction. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, Chemistry 302 or 302H, and concurrent enrollment in Biology 122L.

BIO 122L: STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND REPRODUCTION OF SEED PLANTS LABORATORY

Observation of structure and reproduction in seed plants and employment of experimental techniques that demonstrate physiological processes, especially processes of growth and development. Two laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in Biology 322; and the following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 206L, 208L, 226L or Environmental Sciences 311.

BIO 321G: PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY

Introduces computational methods used in molecular, cellular, organismal, and population biology. Subjects include molecular bioinformatics, modeling and simulation, and network analysis. Three lecture hours and two computer laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H; Statistics and Data Sciences 328M (or Statistics and Scientific Computation 328M); and Mathematics 408C, 408S, or 408R.

BIO 340L: BIOLOGY OF BIRDS

Anatomy, physiology, classification, and ecology of birds. Two lecture hours and three laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Sciences 311.

BIO 346: HUMAN BIOLOGY

Introduction to human evolution, genetics, sexuality, senescence, and population growth. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Only one of the following may be counted: Biology 301G, 309F, 346.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 349S: PANDEMIC SCIENCE

Examine the history, spread, mitigation, and forecasting of pandemics.. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester. May be counted toward the Ethics flag requirement. May be counted toward the Global Cultures flag requirement.

Biology 337 (Topic: Pandemic Science) and 349P may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 351: ECONOMIC BOTANY

An in-depth analysis of the origin of domesticated plant species, the role in nature of plant products, and the ways natural products have been altered through artificial selection. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 353S: SLEEP SCIENCE

Explore the basics of sleep science. Examine current research questions and novel approaches. Discuss the range of sleep disorders and their diagnoses. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Biology 337 (Topic: Pandemic Science) and 349P may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: For Neuroscience majors, Biology 325 or 325H and NEU 335; for others, Biology 325 or 325H and Psychology 332.

BIO 359K: PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

An introduction to the study of animal behavior: descriptive analysis of behavior; physiological basis of behavior; development of behavior; adaptive significance and evolution of behavior; communication and social behavior. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 361T: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology of organ systems in animal phyla, with special emphasis on physiological adaptations of organisms to their environment. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 364: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

The ability of microbes to adapt to and change their environment. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Biology 326R with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 365S: HUMAN SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY

Overview of human physiology, including body fluids, the cardiovascular system, respiration, digestion, metabolism, and endocrinology. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

May not be counted by students with credit for Biology 416L.
Prerequisite: Biology 311C; Biology 325 or 325H, and Chemistry 301 or 301H with a grade of at least C- in each; and one of the following with a grade of at least C-: Mathematics 408C, 408K, 408N, 408R, or Statistics and Data Sciences 302 (or Statistics and Scientific Computation 302).

BIO 165U: HUMAN SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY

Using an inquiry-based approach, provides students with an opportunity for hands-on experience in human physiology. Students read primary scientific literature; collect, analyze, and present data; and write detailed reports on laboratory activities. Four laboratory hours a week for one semester.

May not be counted by students with credit for Biology 416L.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and credit or registration for Biology 365S.

BIO 369F: FIELD HERPETOLOGY

Species identification by sight and sound, and research techniques such as sampling populations, data collection, and analysis. One lecture hour and five laboratory hours a week for one semester, with additional field hours to be arranged.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 369L: HERPETOLOGY

Biology of amphibians and reptiles, including evolution, ecology, behavior, physiology, life history, and identification. Three lecture hours and two laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 370: EVOLUTION

Introduction to modern evolutionary biology, focusing on the evolution of molecular, developmental, morphological, and behavioral traits. Genetic and ecological bases of evolutionary changes within populations and of evolutionary divergence in animals and plants. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Biology 370 and 385K (Topic 2: Evolution) may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 373: ECOLOGY

An introduction to ecology, the study of relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environment; adaptations, population, communities, and ecosystems. Includes both plants and animals and both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Three lecture hours and one discussion hour a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 373L: ECOLOGY LABORATORY

Intensive field ecology. Includes group field experiment and observation, independent projects, and field trips to other vegetation zones. Students complete weekly write-ups of observation and data analysis, reports of independent projects, and an oral presentation on an independent project. Four laboratory hours and two workshop/lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Credit with a grade of at least C- or registration for Biology 373; and the following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 375: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Application of principles of ecology to the preservation of wild plant and animal species and to the preservation, management, and restoration of natural and seminatural ecosystems. Emphasis on scientific, biological aspects of issues such as endangered species protection, preserve design, and forest management. Three lecture hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H with a grade of at least C-, and Biology 357, 359J, or 373 with a grade of at least C-.

BIO 446L: HUMAN MICROSCOPIC AND GROSS ANATOMY

Designed for students preparing for biomedical research and the health professions. Focuses on microscopic and gross anatomy of human tissues and organs, with an emphasis on structure function relationships. Subjects include the effects of disease and aging in addition to normal human anatomy. Three lecture hours and four laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Prerequisite: The following courses with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H; Chemistry 301; and Mathematics 408C, 408K, 408N, 408R, Statistics and Data Sciences 302 (or Statistics and Scientific Computation 302), or 328M (or Statistics and Scientific Computation 328M).

BIO 453L: ENTOMOLOGY

Characteristics, importance, and biology of the major groups of insects. Two lecture hours and three laboratory hours a week for one semester, with additional fieldwork hours to be arranged.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 455L: VERTEBRATE NATURAL HISTORY

Phylogeny, taxonomy, life histories, habits, and distribution. Two lecture hours and three hours of laboratory or fieldwork a week for one semester, with field trips to be arranged.

Prerequisite: The following with a grade of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H, and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 463L: PLANT SYSTEMATICS

Principles of plant classification, phylogeny, and diversity as exemplified by families and species of flowering plants found seasonally in Texas with an emphasis on the local flora. Two lecture hours and three laboratory hours a week for one semester, with additional field trips to be arranged.

Biology 262 and 262L, and 463L may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: The following with grades of at least C-: Biology 325 or 325H; and Biology 206L, 208L, 226L, or Environmental Science 311.

BIO 471: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATICS Study of diversification of living and fossil organisms, including speciation, biogeography, taxonomy, and phylogeny of genes, species, and higher taxa. The lecture and laboratory include a significant amount of computational molecular phylogenetics. Three lecture hours and three laboratory hours a week for one semester.

Biology 458L and 471 may not both be counted.
Prerequisite: Biology 325 or 325H, and 370 with a grade of at least C-.

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